Yintoni esuswa kwaye incitshiswa zizihluzi zekhabhoni ezisebenzayo?

Ngokutsho kwe-EPA (i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo eMelika), i-Activated Carbon yeyona teknoloji yokucoca ecetyiswayo ukuba isuswe.

• zonke izinto ezingama-32 ezichongiweyo ezingcolisayo eziphilayo kuquka ii-THM (iimveliso ezivela kwi-chlorine).
• zonke izibulali-zinambuzane ezili-14 ezidwelisiweyo (oku kuquka i-nitrate kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezifana ne-glyphosate ezikwabizwa ngokuba yi-roundup)
• izibulali-zinambuzane ezili-12 ezixhaphakileyo.

Ezi zizinto ezithile ezingcolisayo kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezisuswa zizihluzi zamalahle.

I-Chlorine (Cl)

Uninzi lwamanzi empompini kawonke-wonke eYurophu naseMntla Melika alawulwa kakhulu, avavanyiwe kwaye aqinisekisiwe ukuba angaselwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze akhuseleke, kongezwa i-chlorine enokubangela ukuba incasa kwaye inuke kakubi. Izihluzi zeCarbon ezisebenzayo zibalaseleyo ekususeni i-chlorine kunye nezinye incasa kunye nevumba elibi. Izihluzi zeCarbon ezisebenzayo ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zinokususaI-95% okanye ngaphezulu ye-chlorine yasimahla.

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe ngale nto funda malungai-chlorine epheleleyo nekhululekileyo.

I-chlorine akufuneki idideke ne-Chloride eyiminerali edityaniswe ne-sodium kunye ne-calcium. I-chloride inokwanda kancinci xa amanzi ehluzwa nge-activated carbon.

Iimveliso ezimbini ze-chlorine

Eyona nkxalabo ixhaphakileyo ngamanzi empompini ziimveliso eziphuma kwi-chlorine ezifana nee-THM ezichongiweyo njengezinokuba ngumhlaza.I-activated carbon isebenza ngcono kunayo nayiphi na enye iteknoloji yokucoca ekususeni ezi zinto.Ngokwe-EPA isusa iimveliso ezingama-32 ze-chlorine ezixhaphakileyo. Eyona ixhaphakileyo elinganiswa kwiingxelo zamanzi empompini yi-THM iyonke.

I-Chloride (Cl-)

I-Chloride yiminerali yendalo enceda ukugcina umthamo wegazi ofanelekileyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye ne-pH yolwelo lomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, i-Chloride eninzi emanzini inokubangela incasa yetyuwa. I-Chloride yinxalenye yendalo yamanzi empompini ngaphandle kweengxaki zempilo. Yinxalenye yenkqubo ye-chlorination yokusela amanzi avela kwiibhaktheriya eziyingozi kunye neentsholongwane. Akufuneki ukuba ihluzwe okanye isuswe kodwa i-activated carbon idla ngokunciphisa i-chloride ngama-50-70%. Kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga i-chloride inokwanda ngokwenene.

Izibulali-zinambuzane

Izibulali-zinambuzane zizinto ezenzelwe ukulawula izinambuzane, kuquka ukhula oluphelela emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba, amachibi, imilambo, iilwandle kwaye ngamanye amaxesha emanzini empompi nangona zinyangwa. I-Activated Carbon ivavanywa ukususa izibulali-zinambuzane ezili-14 eziqhelekileyo kuquka iChlordane, iChlordecone (CLD/Kepone), iGlyphosate (Round-up), iHeptachlor, kunye neLindane. Oku kuquka neNitrate (jonga ngezantsi).

Izibulali-zinambuzane

Ii-herbicides ezikwaziwa ngokuba zii-weedkillers, zizinto ezisetyenziselwa ukulawula izityalo ezingafunekiyo. I-Activated Carbon ivavanywa ukususa ii-herbicides ezili-12 eziqhelekileyo kuquka i-2,4-D kunye ne-Atrazine.

I-Nitrate (NO32-)

I-Nitrate yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwizityalo. Ngumthombo otyebileyo weNitrogen, ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo. I-Nitrate ayinayo ingozi eyaziwayo kubantu abadala ngaphandle kokuba ininzi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-Nitrate egqithisileyo emanzini inokubangela iMethemoglobinemia, okanye isifo "somntwana oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" (Ukunqongophala kweoksijini).

I-nitrate emanzini epompo ngokuyintloko ivela kwizichumisi, iinkqubo ze-septic, kunye nemisebenzi yokugcina okanye yokusasaza umgquba. I-activated carbon idla ngokunciphisa i-nitrate ngama-50-70% kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wesihluzi.

I-PFOS

I-PFOS yikhemikhali yokwenziwa esetyenziswa umz. kwi-foam yokulwa nomlilo, i-metal plating kunye ne-stain repellent. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo iye yaphelela kwindalo esingqongileyo kunye nemithombo yamanzi okusela kunye neziganeko ezimbalwa ezinkulu eMntla Melika naseYurophu. Ngokutsho kophando luka-2002 oluqhutywa yi-Environmental Directorate ye-OECD “I-PFOS ihlala ihleli, iqokelelana ngebhayoloji kwaye inetyhefu kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo.” I-Activated Carbon ifunyenwe isebenza ngempumeleloSusa i-PFOS kuquka i-PFAS, i-PFOA kunye ne-PFNA.

I-Phosphate (PO43-)

I-phosphate, njenge-nitrate, ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezityalo. I-phosphate sisithinteli esinamandla sokugqwala. Ubuninzi be-phosphate abubonisanga mngcipheko kwimpilo yabantu. Iinkqubo zamanzi zikawonke-wonke (ii-PWS) zihlala zongeza ii-phosphates emanzini okusela ukuthintela ukuvuza kwelothe kunye nobhedu kwimibhobho kunye nezixhobo. Izihluzi zamalahle ezisemgangathweni ophezulu zihlala zisusa i-70-90% yee-phosphates.

ILithium (Li+)

I-Lithium ivela ngokwemvelo emanzini okusela. Nangona ikhona ngesantya esiphantsi kakhulu, i-Lithium ngokwenene yinxalenye yokunciphisa uxinezeleko. Ayibonisanga miphumo mibi emzimbeni womntu. I-Lithium inokufumaneka emanzini anetyuwa e-continental, emanzini ashushu, nakwii-oyile-gas field brine. Izihluzi zamalahle ezifana ne-TAPP Water zinciphisa i-70-90% yale nto.

 Amayeza

Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwamayeza kubangele ukukhutshwa rhoqo kwamayeza kunye neemetabolites zawo emanzini amdaka. Okubonweyo ngoku kubonisa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuvezwa kumanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu amachiza emanzini okusela kunokubangela iingozi ezinkulu kwimpilo yabantu, njengoko ubuninzi bamayeza afunyenwe emanzini okusela buphantsi kakhulu kunomlinganiselo omncinci wonyango. Amayeza anokukhutshwa kwimithombo yamanzi kwimithombo yamanzi ephuma kwizakhiwo zokuvelisa okanye zemveliso ezingalawulwa kakuhle, ngakumbi ezo zinxulunyaniswa namayeza aqhelekileyo. Izihluzi zekhabhoni ezisemgangathweni ophezulu ezifana ne-EcoPro zisusa i-95% yamayeza.

Iiplastiki ezincinci

Iiplastiki ezincinci ziziphumo zenkunkuma yeplastiki kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemithombo. Isiphumo esichanekileyo seplastiki ezincinci kwimpilo yabantu kunzima ukusifumanisa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeplastiki, kunye nezinye izongezo zeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ezinokubakho okanye ezingenakubakho. Xa inkunkuma yeplastiki ingena

imilambo yamanzi, ayiboli njengoko izinto zendalo zisenza. Endaweni yoko, ukuvezwa kwimitha yelanga, ukusabela kwioksijini, kunye nokuwohloka kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezifana namaza nesanti kubangela ukuba inkunkuma yeplastiki iqhekeke ibe ziingceba ezincinci. Iiplastiki ezincinci ezichongiweyo kwiingxelo zikawonke-wonke yi-2.6 micron. Ibhloko yekhabhoni ye-2 micron efana ne-EcoPro isusa zonke iiplastiki ezinkulu kune-2-micron.