Izihluzo zekhabhoni ezisebenzayo zisusa kwaye zinciphise ntoni?

Ngokutsho kwe-EPA (i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokusiNgqongileyo e-United States) i-Actiated Carbon kuphela kobuchwepheshe bokucoca okucetyiswayo ukuba bususwe

• zonke 32 ezichongiweyo ungcoliseko eziphilayo kuquka THMs (ngeemveliso ukusuka chlorine).
• zonke izitshabalalisi ezidwelisiweyo ezili-14 (oku kubandakanya i-nitrate kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezifana ne-glyphosate ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-roundup)
• awona mayeza ali-12 axhaphakileyo.

Ezi zizingcolisi ezithile kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezisuswa zihluzo zamalahle.

Iklorini (Cl)

Uninzi lwamanzi etephu kawonke-wonke eYurophu naseMntla Melika alawulwa kakhulu, avavanyiwe kwaye aqinisekiswa ukuba asele. Nangona kunjalo, ukuyenza ikhuseleke, iklorine yongezwa enokuthi iyenze incasa kwaye ivumba kakubi. Izihluzi zeCarbon ezisebenzayo zigqwesile ekususeni iklorin kunye nencasa engalunganga kunye nevumba. Izihluzi zekhabhoni ezisebenzayo ezinomgangatho ophezulu zinokususaI-95% okanye ngaphezulu kweklorini yasimahla.

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe kule funda malungai-chlorine epheleleyo kunye nekhululekile.

I-Chlorine akufanele ibhidaniswe ne-Chloride eyiminerali edityaniswe nesodium kunye ne-calcium. I-chloride inokonyuka kancinci xa amanzi ehluzwa ngekhabhoni esebenzayo.

I-Chlorine bi-imveliso

Eyona nkxalabo ixhaphakileyo malunga namanzi etephu ziimveliso eziphuma kwi-chlorine ezifana nee-THMs ezichongwe njengezinokuba nomhlaza.Ikhabhoni esebenzayo isebenza ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na enye iteknoloji yokucoca ekususeni ezi.Ngokutsho kwe-EPA isusa i-32 ye-chlorine eqhelekileyo kwiimveliso. Esona silinganisi sixhaphakileyo kwiingxelo zamanzi epompo ziiTHMs zizonke.

I-Chloride (Cl-)

I-Chloride yiminerali yendalo enceda ukugcina umthamo wegazi ofanelekileyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye ne-pH yamanzi omzimba. Nangona kunjalo, i-chloride egqithisileyo emanzini inokubangela incasa enetyuwa. I-Chloride yinxalenye yendalo yamanzi etephu ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na imiba yempilo engalunganga. Yinxalenye yenkqubo yokuthambisa amanzi okusela kwiibhaktheriya ezinobungozi kunye neentsholongwane. Akufuneki ukuba ihluzwe okanye isuswe kodwa i-carbon activated iyancipha i-chloride nge-50-70%. Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo ikloridi inokonyuka ngokwenene.

Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane

Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi zizinto ezenzelwe ukulawula izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo, kuquka ukhula oluphela kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, amachibi, imilambo, iilwandlekazi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amanzi aphuma empompo nangona unyango. I-Actiated Carbon ivavanywa ukuze isuse i-14 i-pesticides eziqhelekileyo ezibandakanya i-Chlordane, i-Chlordecone (i-CLD / Kepone), i-Glyphosate (i-Round-up), i-Heptachlor, kunye ne-Lindane. Oku kuquka neNitrate (jonga ngezantsi).

Imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula

Imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula ekwaziwa nje ngokuba zizitshabalalisi zokhula, zizinto ezisetyenziswa ukulawula izityalo ezingafunwayo. I-Actiated Carbon ivavanyelwa ukususa i-12 yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zokutshabalalisa ukhula kuquka i-2,4-D kunye ne-Atrazine.

Nitrate (NO32-)

I-Nitrate yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwizityalo. Ngumthombo otyebileyo weNitrogen, oyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezityalo. I-Nitrate ayinayo impembelelo yobungozi eyaziwayo kubantu abadala ngaphandle kokuba inexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-Nitrate eninzi emanzini ingabangela i-Methemoglobinemia, okanye "i-blue baby" isifo (Ukungabikho kwe-oksijini).

I-Nitrate kumanzi ompompo ngokuyintloko isuka kwizichumisi, iinkqubo zeseptic, kunye nokugcinwa komgquba okanye imisebenzi yokusasaza. Ikhabhoni esebenzayo yehlisa i-nitrate nge-50-70% ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho wesihluzo.

PFOS

I-PFOS yikhemikhali eyenziweyo esetyenziswa umz. ugwebu lokucima umlilo, iplating yesinyithi kunye nezinto ezigxotha amabala. Ukutyhubela iminyaka iphelile kwindawo engqongileyo kunye nemithombo yamanzi okusela kunye neziganeko ezininzi eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu. Ngokophononongo lowama-2002 olwenziwa yiLawuli lokusiNgqongileyo le-OECD "i-PFOS iyazingisa, i-bioaccumulative kwaye inetyhefu kwiintlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo." Ikhabhoni esebenzayo ifunyenwe ngokusebenzayosusa iPFOS kubandakanya iPFAS, PFOA kunye nePFNA.

Iphosphate (PO43-)

I-Phosphate, njenge-nitrate, ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwesityalo. I-Phosphate yi-corrosion inhibitor eyomeleleyo. Ukuxinwa okuphezulu kwePhosphate akuzange kubonise nayiphi na ingozi yempilo ebantwini. Iinkqubo zamanzi zikawonke-wonke (PWSs) zikholisa ukongeza iiphosphates kumanzi okusela ukuthintela ukuvuza kwelothe kunye nobhedu kwimibhobho nakwizinto ezilungiswayo. Izihluzo zamalahle ezikumgangatho ophezulu zikholisa ukususa i-70-90% yeephosphates.

ILithiyam (Li+)

I-lithium yenzeka ngokwemvelo emanzini okusela. Nangona ikhona ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu, iLithium eneneni licandelo le-antidepressant. Ayizange ibonise iziphumo ezinobungozi kumzimba womntu. I-lithium inokufumaneka kumanzi anetyuwa elizwekazi, kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, kunye nerhasi yerhasi. Izihlungi zamalahle ezifana ne-TAPP Amanzi zinciphisa i-70-90% yale nto.

 Amachiza

Ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza kuyo yonke indawo kubangele ukukhutshwa okuqhubekayo kwamachiza kunye neemetabolites zabo emanzini angcolileyo. Uqwalaselo lwangoku lucebisa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuvezwa kumanqanaba asezantsi kakhulu amayeza kumanzi okusela kunokukhokelela kwimingcipheko encomekayo kwimpilo yabantu, njengoko ukuxinana kwamayeza okufunyanwe kumanzi okusela kuyimiyalelo emininzi yobukhulu esezantsi kunethamo elisezantsi lonyango. . Amachiza anokukhutshelwa kwimithombo yamanzi kumanzi amdaka avela kumaziko okwenziwa okanye emveliso angalawulwa kakuhle, ingakumbi lawo anxulunyaniswa namayeza enziwe afana nalawo aveliswe ngabenzi. Izihluzi zebhlokhi ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezifana ne-EcoPro zisusa i-95% yamayeza.

Iiplastiki ezincinci

IMicroplastics ziziphumo zenkunkuma yeplastiki kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemithombo. Impembelelo echanekileyo ye-microplastics kwimpilo yabantu kunzima ukugqiba ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeplastiki, kunye nezongezo zekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi zibekho okanye zingabikho. Xa inkunkuma yeplastiki ingena

imijelo yamanzi, ayithobi njengoko isenza izinto zendalo. Endaweni yoko, ukuvezwa kwimitha yelanga, ukusabela kwioksijini, kunye nokuthotywa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezinjengamaza kunye nesanti kubangela inkunkuma yeplastiki ukuba ihle ibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci. I-microplastics encinci echongiweyo kwiingxelo zoluntu yi-2.6 micron. I-2 micron carbon block efana ne-EcoPro isusa zonke ii-microplastics ezinkulu kune-2-microns.