Isakhiwo esikhethekileyo nesingenamibhobho kunye nommandla omkhulu womphezulu wekhabhoni esebenzayo, kunye namandla okutsala, ivumela ikhabhoni esebenzayo ukuba ibambe kwaye ibambe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto kumphezulu wayo. Ikhabhoni esebenzayo iza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo. Iveliswa ngokucubungula izinto zekhabhoni, ezidla ngokuba ngamalahle, iinkuni, okanye amakhoba ekhokhonathi, kwindawo enobushushu obuphezulu (njenge-rotary kiln[5]) ukuze kusebenze ikhabhoni kwaye kudale isakhiwo somphezulu esinemibhobho emininzi.
I-activated carbon yenye yezona mveliso zisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lokucoca amanzi. Inemingxuma emininzi kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yinto ephumelelayo yokufunxa amanzi. I-activated carbon ikwiqela lezinto zekhabhoni ezinemingxuma enamandla aphezulu okufunxa amanzi kunye nokukwazi ukuvuselela amanzi. Izinto ezininzi zisetyenziswa njengezinto ezisisiseko ukuvelisa i-AC. Ezona zixhaphakileyo kwezo zisetyenziswa ekucoceni amanzi yiqokobhe lekhokhonathi, umthi, ilahle le-anthracite kunye ne-peat.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zekhabhoni esebenzayo, nganye ineempawu ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenza ukuba ifaneleke ngokufanelekileyo kwizicelo ezithile. Ngenxa yoko, abavelisi banikezela uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso zekhabhoni esebenzayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisicelo, ikhabhoni esebenzayo ingasetyenziswa kwimo yomgubo, i-granular, i-extruded, okanye nokuba yimo yolwelo. Ingasetyenziswa yodwa, okanye idityaniswe neetekhnoloji ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokubulala iintsholongwane kwi-UV. Iinkqubo zonyango lwamanzi zihlala zisebenzisa i-granular okanye i-powdered activated carbon, kunye ne-granular activated carbon (GAC) evela kwi-bituminous coal iyeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu. Iqokobhe lekhokhonathi livele njengenye yezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zekhabhoni esebenzayo kwiimfuno zenkqubo yokuhluza amanzi. Iikhabhoni ezisebenzayo ezisekelwe kwiqokobhe lekhokhonathi zii-micro-pores. Ezi pores zincinci zihambelana nobukhulu beemolekyuli ezingcolisayo emanzini okusela kwaye ke ngoko zisebenza kakhulu ekuzibambeni. Iikhokhonathi zizinto ezivuselelekayo kwaye zifumaneka lula unyaka wonke. Zikhula ngamanani amakhulu kwaye zinokugcinwa ixesha elide.
Amanzi anokuba nezinto ezingcolisayo ezinokuchaphazela impilo kunye nomgangatho wobomi. Amanzi alungiselelwe ukutyiwa ngabantu kufuneka angabi nazinto eziphilayo kwaye angabi namazinga eekhemikhali ezinokuba yingozi empilweni. Amanzi esiwasela imihla ngemihla kufuneka angabi nangcoliseko. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zamanzi okusela: amanzi acocekileyo namanzi akhuselekileyo. Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zamanzi okusela.
Amanzi acocekileyo anokuchazwa njengamanzi angenazo izinto ezingaphandle nokuba azinabungozi okanye azinabungozi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwembono esebenzayo, amanzi acocekileyo kunzima ukuwavelisa, nokuba usebenzisa izixhobo zangoku eziphucukileyo. Kwelinye icala, amanzi akhuselekileyo ngamanzi angenakubangela iziphumo ezingathandekiyo okanye ezimbi. Amanzi akhuselekileyo anokuba nezinto ezithile ezingcolisayo kodwa ezi zinto zingcolisayo aziyi kubangela naziphi na iingozi okanye iziphumo ezimbi empilweni yabantu. Izinto ezingcolisayo kufuneka zibe kuluhlu olwamkelekileyo.
Umzekelo, i-chlorination isetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ingenisa ii-trihalomethanes (ii-THM) kwimveliso egqityiweyo. Ii-THM zibeka iingozi zempilo ezinokubakho. Ukusela amanzi ane-chlorine ixesha elide kubonakala kwandisa umngcipheko wokuba nomhlaza wesinyi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80%, ngokutsho kophando olupapashwe kwijenali yeNational Cancer Institute (St. Paul Dispatch & Pioneer Press, 1987).
Njengoko inani labantu behlabathi lisanda kwaye iimfuno zokusebenzisa amanzi akhuselekileyo zisanda ngakumbi kunangaphambili, kuya kuba yinto exhalabisayo kwixesha elizayo ukuba izibonelelo zokucoca amanzi zisebenze ngakumbi. Kwelinye icala, ukubonelelwa kwamanzi emizini kusasongelwa zizinto ezingcolisayo ezifana neekhemikhali kunye neentsholongwane.
Ikhabhoni esebenzayo ibisoloko isetyenziswa njengendawo yokucoca amanzi ukuze kucocwe amanzi okusela kangangeminyaka emininzi. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekususeni ukungcola emanzini ngenxa yokuba inomthamo ophezulu wokufunxa ezo zinto, ezibangelwa yindawo yazo enkulu kunye nokuvuleka. Iikhabhoni ezisebenzayo zineempawu ezahlukeneyo zomphezulu kunye nokusasazwa kobukhulu beembobo, iimpawu ezidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufunxeni ukungcola emanzini.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-26-2022